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The Shallow Water FLUTe is an economical version of the Water FLUTe for use in environments with shallow water tables (<25 FT). The Shallow Water FLUTe can be installed in the overburden and unstable rock formations through sonic casing and everted into open bedrock wells. Shallow Water Flute The Shallow Water Flute is an economical version of the Water Flute for use in environments with shallow water tables (<25 FT). Sys tem Overview: The system consists of a continuous borehole liner, spacers defining the sampling intervals, and tubing directly to the surface from each sampling interval (see the drawing). The SWF depends on the ability to pump the water sample to the surface using a peristaltic pump, so the maximum water table depth at any sampling interval is < 25 ft. The SWF is shipped on a small plastic reel and hence the shipping and installation is similar to a blank Flute liner. Installation: The Shallow Water Flute can be installed in the overburden and unstable rock formations through sonic casing and everted into open bedrock wells. Sampling Intervals : All samples collected from the Shallow Water Flute are drawn directly from the formation, with no potential for cross contamination or leakage as possible with packer based multi-level systems. The Shallow Water Flute is capable of up to 10-20 ports per borehole depending on the hole diameter from 4 inches to greater and all intervals can be sampled and purged simultaneously. Head Measurements: The water table depth at each port can be measured with a Flute vacuum water level meter system. For continuous head measurements at each port, an air couple transducer (ACT) system can be used with a simple surface connection. The transducers are located in the surface casing for easy access for reuse, replacement or repair. More information on the ACT can be found on our Ancillary Equipment page . Well Completion: There is no need for an exterior seal with grout, sand or bentonite. The liner seals the entire hole and the water is drawn directly from the formation. As such, there is no concern about the seal of granular materials in a slender annulus. Warranty and Removability : The SWF system is fully warrantied and removable for other use of the borehole or easy abandonment by grouting the borehole. The system can be used for artesian situations with a heavy mud fill. Whereas the system can be used for a variety of borehole depths, the Standard Water Flute system is better suited for boreholes more than 200 ft deep or for deeper water tables. Additional Uses: The SWF is well suited for detection of tracer arrivals in that the purge volumes are minimal and the sample is drawn directly from the formation. Because there is not an interior tubing bundle, a transparent liner version allows one to watch for the arrival of strongly dyed injections, such as potassium permanganate, using a borehole camera. That option requires a special polyester liner instead of the standard nylon liner. A Flute method called a precise gradient measurement is available in order to measure vertical gradients within ~ 1mm between any two ports in the liner. Because there is no field assembly and no annular sealing materials needed, and the system is fully removable by inversion from the borehole, the overall cost of the Shallow Water Flute system is often the least expensive multi-level sampling and head measurement option of the multi-level monitoring systems. SPACER

The Water FLUTe is a depth-discrete multilevel groundwater monitoring and sampling system that provides 1-15+ discrete sampling intervals in a single sealed borehole. Water Flute A Trusted Technology for High Quality Multilevel Groundwater Monitoring Since 1996 The Water Flute is a depth-discrete multilevel groundwater monitoring and head measurement system for use in overburden and bedrock groundwater assessments. Product Highlights Water Flute System Specifications Figure 1. Water Flute Pumping System All system components are compatible with VOC and PFC Sampling! Easily purge all sample intervals at the same time. Simultaneous purging allows for discrete samples to be collected while saving time spent in the field. Each purge stroke pumps roughly 1 gallon of water. Installation: The Water Flute multilevel groundwater system is installed in open bedrock wells via eversion, in a similar process as a blank liner installation (Click Here f or a basic installatio n overview or for a detailed i nstallation PDF, C lick Here ) . The Water Flute can also be installed in the overburden or unstable bedrock via sonic drilling. The installation of a Water Flute is affected by the depth and diameter of the hole, the relative transmissivity of the hole, the depth to the water table, and the rate at which water can be supplied to fill the liner. The system can be used for artesian situations with a heavy mud fill. If the hole is too tight to allow the liner to push the water into the formation, the water can be pumped from beneath the liner using a pump tube emplaced in the hole before the liner installation. Water Flute systems are usually installed in uncased boreholes. Installations into multi-screened cased holes are also common. Varying borehole diameters are accommodated from 3-30 inches. The Water Flute can be installed through smaller casing into larger open holes below the casing, or into "telescoped" casing. The liner is completely heat welded without the use of any glues. Once the liner is fully extended in the hole, the geometry looks like that in Figure 1. Note, that due to the size of the large tubing and pumping hardware components of the system, the pump system is not everted into the borehole, but simply lowered as a tubing bundle following the liner to the bottom. Sample Intervals: All samples collected from the Water Flute are drawn directly from the formation, without the potential for cross contamination or leakage as possible with packer based multi-level systems. The Water Flute is capable of up to 15 ports per borehole depending on the hole diameter from 4 inches to greater and all intervals can be sampled and purged simultaneously. Sampling the System: After the Water Flute is installed, the formation water will flow from the formation into the screen, sample port, and up the tubing on the inside of the liner. The water then flows up through the first check valve and up both legs of the "U" shaped tubing (pump tube and sample tube) to a height equal to the head of the formation. The water level can then be measured in the pump tube from the surface prior to sampling with a water level meter. To purge and sample the Water Flute, a gas pressure is applied to the pump tube at a pressure greater than the head of the formation. Once the pressure is applied, the first check valve closes, and the pressure forces the water to flow through the second check valve and to the surface through the sample tube. This process is repeated multiple times to both purge the system and collect samples. Click Here for a detailed sampling procedure PDF file. Head Measurements: The water table depth at each port can be measured with a water level meter in the pump tube or, for continuous head measurements at each port, an air couple transducer (ACT) system or downhole pressure transducers can be used. Click here for more information on the ACT system. Well Completion: There is no need for an exterior seal with grout, sand or bentonite. The liner seals the entire hole and the water is drawn directly from the formation. As such, there is no concern about the seal of granular materials in a slender annulus. Warranty and Removability : The Water Flute system is fully warrantied and removable for other use of the borehole or easy abandonment by grouting the borehole. Our experience with Water Flute multilevel groundwater monitoring system now spans 21 years. Water Flute systems have been installed in 48 states in the U.S., and many foreign countries. More detailed descriptions and publications are available on our publications page. Additional Uses: The Water Flute is well suited for detection of tracer arrivals in that the purge volumes are minimal and the sample is drawn directly from the formation. Because there is not an interior tubing bundle, a transparent liner version allows one to watch for the arrival of strongly dyed injections, such as potassium permanganate, using a borehole camera. That option requires a special polyester liner instead of the standard nylon liner. A FLUTe method called a precise gradient measurement is available in order to measure vertical gradients within ~ 1mm between any two ports in the liner. Because there is no field assembly and no annular sealing materials needed, and the system is fully removable by inversion from the borehole, the overall cost of the Water Flute system is often the least expensive multi-level sampling and head measurement option of the multi-level monitoring systems. Click Here for our Shallow Water Flute - A Peristaltic Pumping Based Sampling System SPACER

The FLUTe Transmissivity Profile identifies bedrock flow paths/fractures and measures transmissivity at 6" to 12" scale. ​ At the start of the profile, the flowrate calculated is of the entire borehole. As the liner seals off flow paths, the borehole flowrate is reduced. The depths in the borehole, which exhibit..... Transmissivity Profiling Solinst Flute Transmissivity profiles quickly measure all significant flow paths in a borehole with 6 to 12" resolution in as little as a few hours How Does it Work? As a blank liner is installed and everts down the borehole, the water in the borehole is forced into the formation by whatever flow paths are available (e.g. fractures, permeable beds, solution channels, etc.). Figure 1 is a drawing of a simple everting liner with three additional features, (1) The Solinst Flute Profilier at the wellhead which measures the liner velocity and additional parameters which can influence the velocity of the liner descent, (2) the pressure transducer measures the excess head in the liner which is driving the liner down the hole, and (3) a pressure transducer measuring the head beneath the liner. From these features, all factors controlling the eversion rate of the liner are monitored. The liner descent rate (measured by the Flute Profiler) is therefore controlled by the rate at which water can flow from the hole via those flow paths. The everting liner is somewhat like a perfectly fitting piston sliding down the hole, except the liner doesn't slide in the hole, it grows in length at the bottom end of the dilated liner at the "eversion point" as we call it. As the liner everts, it covers the flow paths sequentially. When the liner begins its descent in the hole, all of the flow paths are open and the descent rate is at its highest. As the liner seals off flow paths, the rate that the borehole water can be displaced out of the borehole decreases and therefore, the liner descent rate decreases as well. A monotonically fit velocity profile is produced that measures changes in liner descent velocity with depth (Figure 2). The velocity multiplied by the borehole cross sectional area (refined by a caliper log) is the flowrate of the borehole at each interval (Figure 3). At the start of the profile, the flowrate calculated is of the entire borehole. As the liner seals off flow paths, the borehole flowrate is reduced. The depths in the borehole, which exhibit a decrease in flowrate, identify the location of flow paths and the magnitude of the change is the measure of the flow rate. From the flow rate profile, one can calculate a transmissivity profile for the borehole using the Thiem equation (Figure 4). Solinst Flute has performed hundreds of these profiles in boreholes to depths of 1000 feet. These boreholes were 3" to 12" in diameter. Publications and professional papers comparing the results to straddle packers can be downloaded on our publications page. In most cases, the Flute Transmissivity Profiler™ can map all of the significant flow paths in the hole in a few hours (10 percent of the time required to do the same mapping with a straddle packer). Furthermore, the detail (6" to 12" resolution) in the Flute Profiler measurement is not even possible with straddle packers. The direct measurement of the flow paths with the Profiler may also reduce the need for those geophysical measurements which are used to deduce possible flow path locations in a borehole. Another advantage is that the blank liner is often installed to seal the hole against vertical contaminant migration. When used in conjuncture with the Flute FACT method, the contaminant distribution can also be mapped using the same blank liner (Figure 5). This data can be used with the Transmissivity profile to develop a fate/transport CSM as well as design a multi-level sampling system (See Water Flute ). Given the continuous transmissivity profile, the head profile can be determined by removing the liner in a stepwise fashion using a technique described at head profile. Figure 1. Transmissivity Profiling Setup Figure 2. Velocity Profile Figure 3. Calculation of the flowrate Q from the velocity change of the liner Figure 4. Flow Rate Profile and Transmissivity Profiles. Figure 5. Transmissivity Profile and FACT data. Note the high TCE concentrations at 112' and 140' BGS in very low transmissive fractures compared to low TCE concentrations in high flowing fractures at 90' and 130'. The TCE concentrations at 140' and 112' are the same or twice as high, respectively, as the highest flowing fracture in the borehole at 130' despite the fact that they are two of the lowest flowing fractures in the borehole. This data emphasizes the need for high resolution methods rather than coarse measurements, to assure that all significant contaminant source zones are properly identified during characterization. Water Samples (green diamonds), validate the FACT concentrations.

The Reverse Head Profile is a technique developed by FLUTe for measuring the vertical head distribution in a borehole after completion of a FLUTe Transmissivity profile. How does it work? The method involves the inversion (removal) of the blank liner in a stepwise fashion after the completion...... Reverse Head Profile The Reverse Head Profile is a technique developed by Solinst Flute for measuring the vertical head distribution in a borehole after completion of a Flute Transmissivity profile. Click here for the Groundwater Journal 2016 Paper on the Method. How does it work? The method involves the inversion (removal) of the blank liner in a stepwise fashion after the completion of a transmissivity profile. The blank liner is stopped between flow zones of interest as identified by the transmissivity profile. As the blank liner is inverted from the well, it uncovers discrete borehole intervals of interest that were sealed during the Transmissivity profile. A pressure transducer located beneath the liner in the borehole records the new steady state borehole equilibrium pressure, Bhi, after each interval is uncovered. As we already know the transmissivity of each interval and the previous steady state borehole equilibrium pressure, we can calculate the contribution of the newly uncovered borehole interval by using each new “blended head” beneath the liner and writing the flow equations for each increment that has been uncovered. We define the net flow into and out of the hole to be zero, and using the transmissivity, Ti, measured for each increment in the hole, one has only the formation head, FH as an unknown for each newly exposed interval of the hole. For the first open borehole interval beneath the liner: T1(Bh1-FH1) = 0 Hence the formation head, FH1, equals the blended head, Bh1, in the borehole. The transmissivity for each interval, Ti, is obtained from the continuous transmissivity integral (Fig. 1). Upon inverting the liner to uncover a second increment of the borehole: T1(Bh2-FH1) + T2(Bh2-FH2) = 0 Solving for FH2, FH2= [ T1(Bh2-FH1)+ T2 Bh2 ]/T2 Note that for each new position, a new blended head, Bhi, is measured. Figure 1. Continuous Transmissivity Integral Solving for the formation head each time the liner is inverted allows theoretical determination of the head distribution in the formation while removing the same liner that was used to measure the transmissivity and to seal the borehole. The equation for solution of the formation head of the current interval, i, is: FHi = [ T1(Bhi-FH1) + T2(Bhi-FH2) + ……. +Ti Bhi ]/Ti Where Ti is the transmissivity of the ith interval in the hole determined from the liner continuous transmissivity profile, FHi is the calculated formation head of the ith interval, and Bhi is the blended head measured in the borehole after each new ith interval is uncovered. Watching the transducer measurement beneath the liner allows one to judge when a steady-state head has been achieved beneath the liner. Results: Figure 2. Two Reverse Head Profiles conducted for a 30-Meter Borehole. The blue dots were measured from the 1st RHP values, while the black dots were measured during the 2nd RHP. Note that the vertical red line is the original blended head in the borehole and the red plot point at 30-Meters BGS denotes a measurement taken in a very low transmissive zone and therefore is a less reliable head calculation.

The FACT is an innovative method developed by FLUTe for mapping the dissolved phase contaminant distribution in a sealed borehole with 6" to 3' resolution.... FACT - Flute Activated Carbon Technique Our FACT service is an innovative method developed by Flute for mapping the dissolved phase contaminant distribution in a sealed borehole with 6" to 3' resolution. Figure 1. FACT Construction, with the FACT stitched between the NAPL Flute cover (striped) and a diffusion barrier (silver). Figure 2. FACT results for TCE on a 6" scale. How the Service Works: The FACT engineering service involves the use of a 1.5" continuous strip of activated carbon felt that is added to the NAPL Flute and emplaced against the borehole wall during the eversion of a blank liner or installation through GeoProbe rods (for overburden applications). Once positioned against the borehole wall, the FACT services procedure wicks by diffusion, contaminants in pore spaces and fracture flows. As the diffusion process takes place in a sealed borehole, the concentrations recorded during the FACT services are not influenced by cross contamination and/or leakage issues often associated with packer-based characterization. After 2 weeks, the FACT installation is removed from the well, cut into the desired sample intervals (6" to 3') and sent to the lab for analysis (EPA 8265). The pressure exerted by the liner on the borehole wall (generally 5 to 10 feet of water pressure) creates a strong seal which prevents preferential flows from developing. Concerns of influence by contact with borehole water are put to rest from the protection provided by the hydrophobic NAPL FLUTe cover and very fast installation and removal procedures. This minimizes interval exposure times (a few seconds). As a precaution, the borehole water is usually pumped from the hole as the liner is everted. FACT Service Results: The measurements obtained by the FACT method are very representative and therefore show where the true contaminant peaks are located at depth. The replica contaminant distribution can be used along with Flute Transmissivity Profiling data to design a multi-level groundwater sampling system and fate/transport CSM. Figure 3: Transmissivity Profile and FACT data. Note the high TCE concentrations at 112' and 140' BGS in very low transmissive fractures compared to low TCE concentrations in high flowing fractures at 90' and 130'. The TCE concentrations at 140' and 112' are the same or twice as high, respectively, as the highest flowing fracture in the borehole at 130' despite the fact that they are two of the lowest flowing fractures in the borehole. This data emphasizes the need for high resolution methods rather than coarse measurements to assure that all significant contaminant source zones are properly identified during characterization. Water Samples (green diamonds), validate the FACT concentrations. Click Here for the FACT Method for a Continuous Contaminant Profile Presentation - NGWA October 2017 TECHNICAL NOTES: Installation Times: FLUTe liner systems should be installed as quickly as possible after the hole is drilled to minimize cross connection effects of the borehole water on the pore water in the open borehole. Reaction Times: Vadose Zone: The FACT is typically left in place for 48 hours for a vadose zone installation to allow the diffusion process from the formation into the carbon. Saturated Zone: The FACT should be left in place in the saturated zone for about two weeks due to the diffusion coefficient being much smaller in water than in air. A diffusion calculation shows that two days is long enough to "see" about 0.5cm into the borehole wall with 7% porosity. Concentration in pores is 2,700 ug/L. That improves after 2 weeks. Academic Analysis of the FACT: A master's thesis is available by Monique Beyer of the Danish Technical University which is a rigorous assessment of the FACT analysis method and its use for a fractured rock site.

The NAPL FLUTe is a NAPL reactive FLUTe liner that stains when in contact with NAPL in the borehole. Simple and cost effective method for NAPL Delineation in Soil and Bedrock Wells. NAPL Flute The NAPL Flute system is a reactive cover for the blank Flute liner which addresses the problem of locating NAPL free product in the formation. NAPL FLUTes Can Be Installed in the Overburden and Bedrock Via the Following Methods Eversion in Bedrock Wells: The NAPL Flute is everted into the borehole on the outside of a blank Flute liner. For a detailed PDF on the NAPL Flute installation description, click here . Direct Push Installation (As seen in video above): The NAPL Flute is compression-wrapped and installed within Geoprobe rods once the terminal depth is reached. The NAPL Flute has a tube for water addition, and as water is added to the interior of the liner, the rods are removed in a stepwise fashion. A tether at the surface allows you to pull the liner out of the hole once the reaction time has finished. For a detailed PDF on the installation sequence, click here . How Does the NAPL Flute Work? As the liner everts down the borehole, the NAPL Flute is hydrophobic. It quickly wicks any NAPL contacted in the fractures or pore space into the cover. When the free product contacts the interior of the NAPL Flute, it quickly creates a stain on the cover and dissolved the multi-colored dye stripes. After a short period of time, the NAPL Flute and blank liner are removed from the well and the depth of the free product is located by measuring the stain depth with a tape measure. The inverted cover can be placed next to a tape measure to allow the stains to be photographed with the indicated depth in the borehole. The cover can be rolled for storage, but the stains may fade with long exposure. The dye stains are more durable. The oil-on-paper-like stains will disappear. Some of the common stains are shown in the photos on this page. NAPL Flute Reactions with Different Contaminants: Different contaminants react differently with the dye stripes located on the outside of the NAPL Flute. For a list of tested compounds, click here . Contact with NAPLs such as TCE and PCE dissolves the dye stripes and carries the dye to the interior surface of the cover. The cover material is white and the displacement of the dye to the interior surface. That stain is the indication that the cover has come in contact with a NAPL. The size and location of the stain are indicative of the amount of NAPL present and the nature of the source. Some NAPL materials such as coal tar and creosote are naturally dark colored. When those materials are wicked into the covering, the dark stain appears on both the inside and outside surface of the cover. Other NAPLs such as gasoline and similarly less aggressive solvents will also displace the dye stripes to the inside of the thin cover. Other NAPLs such as coal oil do not displace the dye stripes. However, when absorbed by the cover material, those NAPLs produce a translucent appearance of the cover much like an oil stain on paper. The cover does not absorb water. The cover only reacts to the pure product of the NAPL and does not provide a significant stain if exposed to the dissolved phase. However, the dissolved phase of chlorinated solvents, for long periods, will cause the dye stripes to bleed or produce a light pink cast due to the red stripes. Those stains are not as obvious as the contact with the NAPL. Mapping the Dissolved Phase : Flute has a technique called FACT (Flute Activated Carbon Technique) which does respond to the dissolved phase of many contaminants. A common practice is to combine the FACT with the NAPL Flute cover to map both the NAPL and the distribution of the dissolved phase.

Sealing Open Bedrock Boreholes | Mapping NAPL Contaminants | Fractured Bedrock Characterization | Multilevel Groundwater Monitoring and Vadose Sampling System A Guide to Solinst Flute Products Sealing Open Boreholes Flute Blank Liner The Flute blank liner is a fully removable solution for sealing fracture flows in open boreholes to prevent cross contamination. Mapping The NAPL Contaminants NAPL Flute The NAPL Flute is a NAPL reactive cover for the blank Solinst Flute liner that is deployed in open boreholes and through GeoProbe Rods. After 30 minutes, remove the liner from the borehole and measure to the stains to identify the location of free product. FACT (Flute Activated Carbon Technique) The FACT is a strip of activated carbon felt that is added to the NAPL Flute. The FACT adsorbs contaminants from fracture flows and pore space and after 2 weeks is removed from the well, cut into 6” to 3’ pieces and analyzed Characterizing Formation Flow Paths Transmissivity Profiling Locate flow paths and measure transmissivity with 6" to 12" resolution Reverse Head Profiling Measure the vertical head distribution (5' to 20') Multi-Level Groundwater and Vadose Sampling Systems Vadose Flute Shallow Water Flute Water Flute Vadose Gas Sampling System Groundwater Sampling with Peristaltic Pumping System Groundwater Sampling with Gas Driven Pumping System Cased Hole Sampler Groundwater Sampling with Peristaltic or Gas Driven Pumping System OTHER UNIQUE APPLICATIONS: Augmentation of Horizontal Drilling Development of Boreholes Landfill Monitoring Horizontal Packer Testing and Leak Detection Towing of Logging Tools Cure-In-Place Liners Karst Installations Grouting of Casing in Karst Artesian Well Installations Traversing Lakes and Ponds

How FLUTe Liners seal a borehole. Why seal a borehole with a FLUTe Liner? Additional reasons to install Blank Liners. Sealing a Borehole with Blank Liners How Solinst Flute Liners Seal a Borehole During the installation process (a process known as eversion), a small everted segment of the liner is placed within the well casing. Water is then added to the interior of the liner to create an annular pocket. The addition of water in the liner to a level above the head of the water in the formation created a driving pressure between the liner's internal pressure and the pressure beneath the liner. The pressure differential is maintained by the addition of water in the liner and thus, the liner continues to propagate down the borehole (Figure 1). The driving pressure needed to evert the liner down the borehole mainly depends on the head of the formation. For high head or artesian conditions, differential pressure can be achieved by the addition of higher density muds to the interior of the liner. As the liner everts, the liner displaces the borehole water into the formation and seals off fractures (Animation). Figure 1. Blank Liner Installation Animation 1. Blank liner eversion, displacing borehole water into the formation Figure 2. DNAPL Confined to an Isolated Fracture Figure 3. DNAPL spread to other fractures as a result of the newly drilled borehole acting as a flow path between otherwise unconnected fractures. Why seal a borehole with a Flute Liner? Sealing a borehole after drilling prevents cross contamination. With traditional practice, the borehole is either left open for extended periods of time or as with packer testing, large portions of the borehole are left unsealed. During this time, contamination from one fracture can mobilize vertically within the borehole, adhere to the borehole pore space and flow into other fractures. The following diagrams show how cross connection occurs: Additional Reasons to Install Blank Liners: 1. The liner seals the entire hole where it can be sealed as compared to multiple packers in boreholes. This is especially useful in karst formations. A packer must be placed in an aquitard to be fully effective. 2. The flow in the formation is not perturbed by flow in the open hole. Therefore, measurements of various kinds, such as temperature distribution due to flow in the formation, are more realistic of the natural hydrologic state. 3. Removal of the blank liner can enhance the borehole development as described in the paper Open Hole Well Development Problems . 4. Stabilizing boreholes. The borehole is not likely to collapse on geophysical sondes which can "see" through the thin liner such as sonic tele-viewer, radiation logs, induction coupled electric logs, radar, etc. can traverse the borehole without concern about collapse of the borehole on the instrument. 5. Liners are shipped on a small reel with no need of heavy equipment for the liner installation such as a drill rig or crane truck. The blank liner is easily installed by simply adding water to the interior of the liner. 6. Liners are now used to tow instruments through the protected interior of the liner as the liner is being emplaced. 7. Blank liners can be equipped with many special features for custom applications such as cure-in place liners, transparent liners, heaters on the tether, fiber optic sensors, insulation of various kinds as well as special fill materials like weighted mud, deionized water, sand, freezing fluids to stabilize the hole, etc. 8. Liners can prevent the loss of annular sealing grouts outside a casing emplaced in karst formations. - a common problem with oil and gas casings. 9. Liners can seal shallow portions of municipal wells preventing contaminants entering the well. An interior casing in place of the tether allows the pump emplacement to greater depths. A grout fill of the liner makes it a permanent seal. 10. Salt water intrusion in the formation can be sensed with a deionized water fill of the liner and can be done without the hole perturbing the salt water front.

Sealing a borehole with FLUTe liners after drilling prevents cross contamination. With traditional practice, the borehole is left open for extended periods of time between the time the borehole was drilled and downhole characterization. Additionally, if straddle packer systems are used for characterization... Why Seal a Borehole? Sealing a borehole with Solinst Flute liners after drilling prevents cross contamination . With traditional practice, the borehole is left open for extended periods of time between the time the borehole was drilled and downhole characterization. Additionally, if straddle packer systems are used for characterization, large portions of the borehole remain unsealed during all portions of the investigation. The problems that can occur when boreholes remain open include mobilization of contaminants into the open borehole, contaminant adhesion to the borehole wall, and contaminated migration from the open borehole into previously uncontaminated fractures (See "Figure 1" and "Figure 2"). Additionally, when making measurements with straddle packers, which by default leave portions of the borehole open, leakage past the packer can result in exaggerated flow rates and contaminant distributions that are erred from cross contamination with mixed borehole water. By using Solinst Flute liners, the borehole is either sealed while all downhole measurements are collected or as the liner sequentially seals off flow paths. In the way, the data integrity is very high as cross contamination and cross flow measurements cannot occur. Figure 1. DNAPL confined to an isolated fracture Figure 2. DNAPL spread to other fractures as a result of the newly drilled borehole acting as a flow path between otherwise unconnected fractures.

1. Provide a continuous seal of a borehole or pipe, and prevent migration of formation fluids through the open hole. No sealing grouts or bentonite seals are needed. 2. Quickly map borehole transmissivity and vertical head distributions while displacing.... Benefits of Using Solinst Flute Liners 1) Provide a continuous seal of a borehole or pipe, and prevent migration of formation fluids through the open hole. No sealing grouts or bentonite seals are needed. 2) Quickly map borehole transmissivity and vertical head distributions while displacing the borehole water. Equivalent to conducting packer testing on a 6" to 12" scale with higher resolution and no issues of leakage or packer bypass. 3) Map contaminant distribution in the pure phase (NAPL Flute ) and dissolved phase (FACT) . 4) Collect multiple discrete groundwater samples directly from the formation via a positive displacement gas driven sampling liner (Water Flute ) and a peristaltic pump driven liner (Shallow Water Flute ). 5) Reduce cost and field time for the client while delivering high resolution data. 6) Carry many useful devices such as tubing, instruments, absorbers, reactive covers, etc. into place in the borehole while maintaining a continuous seal of the borehole. 7) Support the borehole wall against slough and collapse. 8) Custom fabricated to meet demands of many different diameters and materials for many applications. 9) Propagate through tortuous passages of varying diameters inaccessible to rigid piping or push rods. 10) Warrantied and fully removable without the liner touching any other portion of the borehole wall.

Sealing Open Bedrock Boreholes | Mapping NAPL Contaminants | Fractured Bedrock Characterization | Multilevel Groundwater Monitoring and Vadose Sampling System A Guide to Solinst Flute Products Sealing Open Boreholes Flute Blank Liner The FLUTe blank liner is a fully removable solution for sealing fracture flows in open boreholes to prevent cross contamination. Mapping The NAPL Contaminants NAPL Flute The NAPL Flute is a NAPL reactive cover for the blank Solinst Flute liner that is deployed in open boreholes and through GeoProbe Rods. After 30 minutes, remove the liner from the borehole and measure to the stains to identify the location of free product. FACT (Flute Activated Carbon Technique) The FACT is a strip of activated carbon felt that is added to the NAPL Flute. The FACT adsorbs contaminants from fracture flows and pore space and after 2 weeks is removed from the well, cut into 6” to 3’ pieces and analyzed Characterizing Formation Flow Paths Transmissivity Profiling Locate flow paths and measure transmissivity with 6" to 12" resolution Reverse Head Profiling Measure the vertical head distribution (5' to 20') Multi-Level Groundwater and Vadose Sampling Systems Vadose Flute Shallow Water Flute Water Flute Vadose Gas Sampling System Groundwater Sampling with Peristaltic Pumping System Groundwater Sampling with Gas Driven Pumping System Cased Hole Sampler Groundwater Sampling with Peristaltic or Gas Driven Pumping System OTHER UNIQUE APPLICATIONS: Augmentation of Horizontal Drilling Development of Boreholes Landfill Monitoring Horizontal Packer Testing and Leak Detection Towing of Logging Tools Cure-In-Place Liners Karst Installations Grouting of Casing in Karst Artesian Well Installations Traversing Lakes and Ponds